Diseases & Pests
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Leaf spot | |
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Pathogen | Cercospora moricola |
Occurrence | It is more prevalent during rainy season followed by winter. The disease starts progressing 35-40 days after pruning (DAP)/leaf harvesting and becomes severe on the 70th DAP. |
Crop loss | 10-12 % |
Symptoms | Brownish necrotic, irregular spots appear on the leaf surface. Spots enlarge, extend and join together leaving characteristic ‘shot hole’. Leaves become yellow and wither off as disease becomes severe. |
Factors responsible for spreading of the disease: |
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Control measures to be adopted: |
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Prediction of this Disease | Leaf spot disease can be predicted by following formula. Predicted Leaf spot disease (%) = 7.09 + 0.59** (DAP) – 1.07* (Max.Temp.) with R2= 0.82, where DAP: is Days After Pruning (favourable range = 45-70), Max. Temp.: Maximum Temperature (favourable range = 22-30 ºC). For Example: Days After Pruning (DAP) = 48, Max. Temp. = 25ºC Predicted severity of leaf spot (%) = 7.09 + 0.59** (DAP) – 1.07* (Max. temp) = 7.09 + 0.59 (48) - 1.07 (25) = 7.09 + 28.32 - 26.75 = 35.41 - 26.75 = 8.68% If the disease severity is more than 5%, it was suggested that need based preventive measure is needed. |
Leaf rust | |
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Pathogen | Cerotelium fici |
Occurrence | The disease is more prevalent during winter and rainy seasons. It starts progressing 45-50 DAP becoming severe on 70th DAP. The mature leaves are more prone to the disease. |
Crop loss | 10-15 % |
Symptoms | Initially, circular pinhead sized brown eruptive lesions appear on the leaves and later leaves become yellow and wither off. |
Factors responsible for spreading of the disease: |
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Control measures to be adopted: |
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Prediction of this Disease | Leaf rust disease can be predicted by following formula. Predicted Leaf Rust disease (%) = - 66.18 + 0.80 X (DAP) + 0.45 X (AH) with R2 value of 0.95, where DAP: Days after pruning (favourable range 45-70), AH : Av. humidity (favourable range 68.9 – 84.4 %) For Example: Days After Pruning (DAP) = 50 , Average Humidity = 75 % Predicted Leaf Rust disease (%) = - 66.18 + 0.80 (50) + 0.45 (75) = -66.18 + 44 + 33.75 = -66.18 + 77.75 = 11.75% If the disease severity is more than 5%, it was suggested that need based preventive measure is needed. |
Powdery Mildew | |
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Pathogen | Phyllactinia corylea |
Occurrence | Disease is prevalent during winter and rainy seasons and progresses 40th DAP/leaf harvest becoming severe on 70th DAP. |
Crop loss | 5-10 % |
Symptoms | White powdery patches appear on the lower surface of the leaves. The corresponding portions on the upper surface develop chlorotic lesions. When severe, the white powdery patches turn to brownish-black; the leaves become yellow, coarse and loose their nutritive value. |
Factors responsible for spreading of the disease: |
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Control measures to be adopted: |
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Fungal leaf blight | |
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Pathogen | Alternaria alternata, Fusarium pallidoroseum |
Occurrence | The disease starts progressing 45th DAP becoming severe on 70th DAP and is prevalent during summer and rainy seasons. |
Crop loss | 10-12% |
Symptoms | The disease starts as browning/ blackening of leaves starting either from the leaf tip or edges of leaf lamina in the form of isolated irregular brown coloured patches. As the disease spreads the entire leaf surface is affected resulting in fall of leaves. |
Factors responsible for spreading of the disease: |
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Control measures to be adopted: |
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Bacterial leaf blight | |
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Pathogen | Pseudomonas syringae pv. mori/ Xanthmonas campestris pv. mori |
Occurrence | The disease is more prevalent during rainy and winter seasons and starts progressing 35th DAP becoming severe on 70th DAP. |
Crop loss | 5-10% |
Symptoms | Numerous blackish brown irregular water soaked patches appear on the leaves resulting in curling and rotting of leaves. |
Factors responsible for spreading of the disease: |
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Control measures to be adopted: |
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Root knot | |
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Causal organism | Meloidogyne incognita (Nematode) |
Occurrence | The disease is out break through out the year and more common in sandy soils under irrigated conditions. |
Crop loss | 20 % |
Symptoms |
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Factors responsible for spreading of the disease: |
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Control measures to be adopted: |
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Root rot | |
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Causal organism | Rhizoctonia bataticola (= Macrophomina phaseolina); Associated secondary microbes: Fusarium solani/ F. oxysporum/ Botryodiplodia theobromae |
Occurrence | Through out the year in all types of soils especially when the soil moisture and organic matter in soil are low. |
Crop loss | 15 % and above depending on the soil health and climate. |
Symptoms | Initially the above ground symptom of the disease appears sudden withering of plants and leaves fall off from the bottom of the branches and progressing upwards.
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Factors responsible for spreading of the disease: |
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Control measures: | A target specific new formulation “Navinya” (herbal 80% & chemicals 20%) is used for the control of root rot disease of mulberry. |
Method of application: | Prune off the dried shoots above 15-30 cm from ground. Make shallow ring around stump and apply the Navinya solution made by adding 10g of Navinya in 1 liter of water (i.e. 1 kg Navinya in 100 liter water; sufficient for 100 plants @ 1 liter/plant). Pour the solution over the pruned stump to drench completely. Cover with soil around the stump to prevent exposure to sunlight. Treat the surrounding mulberry plants also to prevent spreading of the disease. |
Precautions to be taken: |
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Note: The product Navinya has been commercialized and available with M/s. Nandi Agro vet, Bangalore, Karnataka (: +91 9449016259) |
Pink Mealy Bug (Tukra) | |
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Occurrence & Symptoms | Pink mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) causes deformity symptom in mulberry which is popularly called as Tukra. Leaves become dark green, wrinkled & thickened with shortened inter nodal distance resulting in bunchy top appearance/resetting of leaves. It occurs throughout the year, but severe during summer months. Mulberry leaf yield is reduced by 4,500 kg/ha/yr due to this pest. |
Control Measues | Mechanical control: Clip off the infested portion by secateur, collect in a polythene bag and destroy by burning. This will help in reducing the chances of recurrence of pest. This practice may be followed when the silkworms attain 4th age. Chemical control: Spray 0.2% DDVP 76% EC (@ 2.63 ml/lit water) 15–20 days after pruning. Safety period: 15 days. Biological control: Release predatory lady bird beetles Cryptolaemus montrouzieri @ 250 adult beetles or Scymnus coccivora @ 500 adult beetles in two equal splits at an interval of 6 months. |
Availability of predatory lady bird beetles | Pest Management Laboratory, CSR & TI, Mysore, Karnataka (: 0821-2903285). |
Papaya Mealy Bug | |
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Occurrence & Symptoms | The papaya mealy bug, Paracoccus marginatus is an exotic pest which infest a variety of crops such as papaya, guava, teak, vegetables, Jatropha, and weed plants like Parthenium, Sida, Abutilon etc. In mulberry its infestation causes malformation of affected portion, stunted growth of leaf, presence of red/black ants, honey dew secretion, growth of sooty mould, and outright killing of the plant. At present occurrence of papaya mealy bug is sporadic. |
Control Measures |
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Availability of Exotic parasitoids | National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects (NBAII), ICAR, Bangalore [opp: CBI, Ganganagar, Bangalore]. (: 080-23511982/98). |
Thrips | |
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Occurrence & Symptoms | Thrips, Pseudodendrothrips mori, is a major pest in Tamil Nadu and minor pest in Karnataka & Andhra Pradesh. It occurs throughout the year and severe during summer (February - April). Both adults and nymphs lacerate the leaf tissues and suck the oozing sap. Affected leaves show streaks in early stages and yellowish/brown blotches in the advanced stage of attack. |
Control Measues | Mechanical/ Physical control: Use sprinkler irrigation to disturb thrips population & eggs on the underside of mulberry leaves. Chemical control: Spray 0.1% Rogor (@ 3 ml/lit water) 15 days after pruning. Safety period: 20 days. Biological control: Release predatory lady bird beetles (Scymnus coccivora @ 500/acre). |
White fly | |
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Occurrence & Symptoms | The name white fly is derived from the whiter appearance of the adults and their tendency to fly when disturbed. Adults have a pair of floury wings which are usually white with a few veins. In the recent years outbreak of Dialeuropora decempuncta has occurred on mulberry in southern state of Kerala and Karnataka. The spiraling of waxy material is the typical symptom of white fly attack. Prolonged dry spell followed by the hot humid weather favours the white fly flare up. Occur during the months March-June; October-December. Both nymphs and adults pierce and suck the sap from foliage and the damaged leaf become unfit for silkworm rearing. |
Control Measues | Mechanical/ Physical control: Use sprinkler irrigation to disturb white fly population. Fix yellow sticky traps @ 75-80 traps/acre to trap the adults. Chemical control: Spray 0.076% DDVP (@ 1 ml/lit water) 12 days after pruning (safety period: 10 days) and second spray with 0.05% Rogor 30% EC @ 1.5 ml/lit (safety period: 10 days) Biological control: Release predatory lady bird beetles Scymnus coccivora @ 500 adult beetles/acre. |
Jassid | |
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Occurrence & Symptoms | Jassid, Empoasca flavescens or leaf hopper, is a minor pest that occurs from November to February. Both adults and young hoppers jump very actively and move side-ways. Most obvious sign of injury is the reduced stem height. They suck sap from leaves and cause characteristic hopper burn, ie., yellowing of leaves all along the leaf margin. In the final stage of attack, the leaf becomes cup shaped and wither off prematurely. |
Control Measues | Mechanical/ Physical control: Light traps and yellow sticky traps. Chemical control: Spray 0.1% Rogor 30% EC (@ 3 ml/lit water). safety period: 20 days. |
Scale Insect | |
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Occurrence & Symptoms | Scale insect, Saissetia nigra is a minor pest that occurs throughout the year, but severe during summer months. They are found on the underside of leaves and on stem. Both nymphs (crawlers) and adults feed on plant sap by sucking. Feeding causes the plant to become stunted and affected shoots start dying from the distal end. |
Control Measues | Physical control: Scrape the stem with the help of wooden plate to dislodge the insect. Chemical control: Spray 0.05% Rogor 30% EC (@ 1.5 ml/lit water) or 0.15% DDVP (@ 2 ml/lit water). safety period: 10 days. |
Mulberry Leaf Roller | |
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Occurrence & Symptoms | Incidence of Leaf roller, Diaphania pulverulentalis in mulberry starts with the onset of monsoon. It occurs from June to February but reaches peak during September – October months. The larva binds mulberry leaf blades by silken thread, stay inside & feed. Its feacal matter can be seen below the infested portion. |
Control Measues | Mechanical control: Remove the infested portion (along with the larva) by secateur, collect in a polythene bag and destroy by burning. Chemical control: Spray 0.076% DDVP (@ 1 ml/lit water) 12 to 15 days after pruning. Safety period: 7 days. Second spray of 0.5% commercial neem pesticide (0.03% Azadirachtin) @5ml/Lit water,10 days after first spray. Safety period: 10 days. Biological control: Release Trichogramma chilonis egg parasitoid @ 1 Tricho card/week (for 4 weeks). Do not spray any insecticide after the release of trichogramma parasitoids. |
Availability of Tricho cards | Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Suttur, Nanjangud taluk, Mysore Dist. or Parasite Breeding Lab., Dept. of Agriculture, {Near DC Office, Mandya) |
Cut Worm | |
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Occurrence & Symptoms | Cutworm, Spodoptera litura is a polyphagus pest which occurs sporadically on mulberry from August to February. The caterpillars attack shoots of young mulberry plants and cut them, hence the name cutworm. The cut portion of the shoot dries up and falls off. They also feed on mulberry leaves, voraciously. |
Control Measues | Mechanical/ Physical control: Collect and destroy egg masses and young caterpillars. Plough infested garden and dig neat the base of mulberry plant to expose the pest to sunlight and predators. Chemical control: Spray 0.15% DDVP (@ 2 ml/lit water) during evening hours, 20 days after pruning. Safety period: 10 days. Dust 5% Malathion near the base of the plants immediately after pruning. Pheromonal control: Use spodolure, a pheromone trap @ 2 lures/acre twice at an interval of 15 days from 25th day after pruning, to attract and kill male moths. |
Bihar Hairy Caterpillar | |
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Occurrence & Symptoms | Incidence of Bihar hairy caterpillar, Spilarctia obliqua in mulberry starts with the onset of monsoon. It occurs throughout the year and in certain pockets it appears sporadically. Young larvae are gregariously found feeding on the underside of leaf giving an appearance of mesh and one can make out from distance. Grown up ones are solitary, very active, spread throughout the field and feed voraciously on the foliage. |
Control Measues | Mechanical/ Physical control: Collect the egg masses or gregarious young caterpillars and destroy by dipping in 0.5% soap solution or by burning. Chemical control: Spray 0.15% DDVP (@ 2 ml/lit water) 20 days after pruning. Safety period: 10 days. Biological control: Release egg parasitoids Trichogramma chilonis @ 1 Tricho card/week for 4 weeks. Do not spray any insecticide after the release of trichogramma parasitoids. |
Wingless grass hopper | |
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Occurrence & Symptoms | Wingless grass hopper, Neorthecris acuticeps nilgirensis, occurs during monsoon and post monsoon periods with peak infestation during October and then declines. From January onwards till the onset of monsoon infestation does not occur. Both nymphs and adults feed voraciously on sprouting buds and leaves of mulberry. Sometimes, they also feed on green bark. |
Control Measues | Mechanical control: Deep ploughing immediately after the onset of monsoon to expose egg masses to sunlight and predators. Field sanitation by keeping mulberry garden free from alternate host plants. Chemical control: Spray 0.076% DDVP (@ 1 ml/lit water) on mulberry foliage to kill nymphs and adults. If infestation is severe, second spray 10 days after first spray. Safety period: 10 days. |
Grasserie | |
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Causative agent | Bombyx mori Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus |
Occurrence | The disease prevails all through the year but its severity is more during Summer and Rainy seasons. |
Source of infection | Silkworm gets infected when it feed on contaminated mulberry leaves. The milky white fluid released by the grasserie larvae, contaminated silkworm rearing house and appliances are the sources of infection. |
Predisposing factors | High temperature, low humidity and poor quality mulberry leaves. |
Symptoms |
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Management |
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Flacherie | |
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Causative agent | Bombyx mori Infectious flacherie virus/Bombyx mori Densonucleosis virus or different viz., Streptococcus sp./Staphylococcus sp./Bacillus thuringiensis/Serratia marscesence individually or combined infection of bacteria and viruses. |
Occurrence | The disease is common during Summer and Rainy seasons. |
Source of infection | Silkworm gets infected by eating contaminated mulberry leaf. Dead diseased silkworm, its faecal matter, gut juice, body fluid are the sources of pathogen contamination. The infection can also takes place through injuries/ cuts/ wounds. |
Predisposing factors | Fluctuation in temperature, high humidity and poor quality of leaves. |
Symptoms |
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Management |
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Muscardine | |
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Causative agent | Among fungal diseases, White Muscardine is common. The disease is caused by Beauveria bassiana. |
Occurrence | The disease is common during Rainy and winter seasons. |
Source of infection | The infection starts when conidia come in contact with silkworm body. Mummified silkworms / alternate hosts (most are lepidopteron pests), contaminated rearing house and appliances are sources of infection. |
Predisposing factors | Low temperature with high humidity. |
Symptoms |
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Management |
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Pebrine | |
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Causative agent | Nosema bombycis / different strains of microsporidia. |
Occurrence | Non-seasonal. |
Source of infection | Silkworm gets infected through eggs (Transovarian/Transovum transmission) or by eating contaminated mulberry leaf. Infected silkworms, faecal matter, contaminated rearing house and appliances and alternate hosts (mulberry pest) are the sources of infection. |
Symptoms |
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Management |
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Disinfection of rearing house, its surroundings and appliances |
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Uzi fly | |
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Occurrence & Symptoms | The uzi fly, Exorista bombycis is a serious endo-larval parasitoid of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, inflicting 10-15% damage to the silkworm cocoon crop in the premier silk producing states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Uzi fly occurs throughout the year, but severe during rainy season. Presences of eggs or black scar on the silkworm body and maggot emergence hole at the tip of the cocoon are the typical symptoms of uzi fly attack. As soon as the uzi fly enters into rearing house, it lays one or two eggs on each silkworm larva. After 2-3 days, egg hatches, enters inside the larva and feed on internal contents for 5-7 days, after which it comes out by rupturing the larva. The maggot pupates in a dark corner or cracks & crevices in about 18-24 hours. The pupal stage lasts for 10-12 days. If the uzi fly infests at last instar, the uzi maggots come out after cocoon formation by making a circular hole. |
Control Measues | Exclusion method: Provide wire mesh/nylon net on all windows/doors. Provide doors with automatic closing mechanism. Provide anteroom at the entrance of the rearing house. Keep the leaf in the verandah of the rearing house and observe for the uzi fly before shifting leaf into the rearing house. Physical control (using uzi trap): Dissolve one table in 1 litre of water and keep the solution in white trays both inside and out side the rearing house at window base from 3rd instar onwards up to spinning. Place uzi traps inside the rearing house/mounting hall after spinning up to 20 days under close-door condition to trap uzi flies emerging inside. Biological control: Release Nesolynx thymus (a pupal parasitoid of the uzi fly) inside rearing house on 2nd day of V instar. After mounting of all spinning worms transfer the same pouches near the chandrikes. After harvesting of cocoons keep the same pouches near the manure pit. Two pouches are required for 100 dfls. Proper disposal of silkworm litter after cocoon harvest: Separate the silkworm litter from mulberry twigs. Do not throw silkworm litter in open space/litter pit, as it contains hundreds of Uzi fly pupae. Instead, pack it in plastic bags and keep for 15 to 20 days to prevent the emergence of uzi fly from the litter. Alternatively, it can be buried in soil or burnt immediately. |
Availability of Nesolynx thymus | Available at Pest Management Lab., CSRTI, Mysore. Place indents on the day of brushing, indicating the number of pouches required and brushing date of silkworms. Supply is made by courier on receipt of advance payment @ Rs 30 per pouch. |
Dermestid beetles | |
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Occurrence & Symptoms | Dermestid beetles, Dermestis ater are known to attack pierced cocoons in cocoon storage rooms. The female beetles lay about 150-250 eggs in the floss of cocoons. The beetles migrate from cocoon storage room to grainage and attack green cocoons as well as moths also. Generally they attack the abdominal region of the moth. The damage is estimated to be 16.62% on cocoons and 3.57% on moths. |
Control Measues | Preventive measures: Storage of rejected cocoons and perished eggs for long period should be avoided. Rearing house & cocoon storage rooms should be cleaned periodically. Grainage premises should be cleaned before & after moth emergence. Provide wire mesh to door & windows in pierced cocoon (PC) storage rooms. Wooden articles of storage room & grainage should be dipped in 0.2% malathion solution for 2-3 minutes. Trays etc., should be thoroughly washed & sun dried for 2-3 days before reusing. Mechanical control: Collect the grubs and adults by sweeping or by using a vacuum cleaner, destroy by burning or dipping in soap water. Chemical control: Store pierced cocoons in Deltamethrin treated bags ie., soak the bags in 0.028% Deltamethrin solution (1 ltr : 100 ltr water) and dry in shade. Spray 0.028% Deltamethrin solution on walls and floor of PC room once in 3 months. Sprinkle bleaching powder (200 gm/sq.mt) all around inner wall of PC room to prevent crawling of grubs from PC room. |